Key component of innate and adaptive immunity (PubMed:14716310). TLRs (Toll-like receptors) control host immune response against pathogens through recognition of molecular patterns specific to microorganisms (PubMed:14716310). TLR9 is a nucleotide-sensing TLR which is activated by unmethylated cytidine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG) dinucleotides (PubMed:14716310).
Acts via MYD88 and TRAF6, leading to NF-kappa-B activation, cytokine secretion and the inflammatory response (PubMed:11564765, PubMed:17932028). Also acts via ADCY7, leading to cyclic di-AMP (c-di-AMP) synthesis and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome (By similarity). Plays a role in defense against systemic mouse cytomegalovirus infection (By similarity).
Controls lymphocyte response to Helicobacter infection (By similarity). Upon CpG stimulation, induces B-cell proliferation, activation, survival and antibody production (PubMed:23857366)
Monomer and homodimer. Exists as a monomer in the absence of unmethylated cytidine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG) ligand. Proteolytic processing of an insertion loop (Z-loop) is required for homodimerization upon binding to the unmethylated CpG ligand leading to its activation (By similarity).
Interacts with MYD88 via their respective TIR domains (By similarity). Interacts with BTK (PubMed:17932028). Interacts (via transmembrane domain) with UNC93B1.
Interacts with CD300LH; the interaction may promote full activation of TLR9-triggered innate responses (By similarity). Interacts with CNPY3 and HSP90B1; this interaction is required for proper folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (PubMed:20865800). Interacts with SMPDL3B (By similarity).
Interacts with CD82; this interaction is essential for TLR9-dependent myddosome formation in response to CpG stimulation (By similarity). Interacts with ADCY7; leading to ADCY7 activation, synthesis of cyclic di-AMP (c-di-AMP) and formation of the NLRP3 inflammasome (By similarity)
Highly expressed in spleen, lymph node, tonsil and peripheral blood leukocytes, especially in plasmacytoid pre-dendritic cells. Levels are much lower in monocytes and CD11c+ immature dendritic cells. Also detected in lung and liver
Click a pathway to open the interactive Reactome viewer.
Genes with an experimentally identified or computationally predicted synthetic-lethal relationship to TLR9, aggregated across our SSL data sources. Click any partner node to view that gene’s page.
Nodes and edges are coloured by the SSL data source. Partners appearing in more than one source are shown in grey.
Total Trials Found: 36
| NCT ID | Condition | Brief Title | Phase | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT04843852 | Hepatitis B, Chronic Hepatitis B | TLR-9 Adjuvanted Vaccination for Chronic Hepatitis B | PHASE1 | RECRUITING |
| NCT02927964 | Grade 1 Follicular Lymphoma, Grade 2 Follicular Lymphoma, Grade 3a Follicular Lymphoma, Recurrent Follicular Lymphoma, Refractory Follicular Lymphoma, Mantle Cell Lymphoma, Marginal Zone Lymphoma | TLR9 Agonist SD-101, Ibrutinib, and Radiation Therapy in Treating Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Grade 1-3A Follicular Lymphoma | PHASE1, PHASE2 | COMPLETED |
| NCT02898662 | Asthma | AZD1419 Ph2a Study | PHASE2 | COMPLETED |
| NCT02115126 | Hodgkin Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma | Phase II Trial to Evaluate an EBV-derived Dendritic Cell Vaccine in Autologous Stem Cell Transplant | PHASE2 | WITHDRAWN |
| NCT06710223 | Hepatocellular Carcinoma | Cryoablation and Arterial Infusion of SD-101 in Combination With Durvalumab and Tremelimumab | PHASE1 | RECRUITING |
| NCT04387071 | Locally Advanced Malignant Solid Neoplasm, Metastatic Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma, Stage IV Pancreatic Cancer AJCC v8, Unresectable Malignant Solid Neoplasm | CMP-001 and INCAGN01949 for Patients With Stage IV Pancreatic Cancer and Other Cancers Except Melanoma | PHASE1, PHASE2 | TERMINATED |
| NCT00780988 | Colorectal Neoplasms, Anal, Colon, and Rectal Cancers | Feasibility of Autologous Tumor Cell-TLR9 Agonist Vaccination for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer | PHASE1 | WITHDRAWN |
| NCT00226993 | Mycosis Fungoides | Phase I/II Study of Intratumoral Injection of CPG 7909, a TLR9 Agonist, Combined With Local Radiation for Patients With Recurrent Mycosis Fungoides. | PHASE1, PHASE2 | WITHDRAWN |
| NCT04050085 | Metastatic Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma, Refractory Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma, Stage IV Pancreatic Cancer AJCC v8 | SD-101, Nivolumab, and Radiation Therapy in Treating Patients With Chemotherapy-Refractory Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer | PHASE1 | COMPLETED |
| NCT01360827 | Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck | EMD 1201081 + 5-FU + Cisplatin + Cetuximab in Subjects With Recurrent / Metastatic Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck | PHASE1 | TERMINATED |